EffectJava_Enum&Annotate
目录
1. 使用枚举类型代替整型常量
它们是通过公共静态
final属性为每个枚举常量导出一个实例的类。 由于没有可访问的构造方法，枚举类型实际上是final的。 由于客户既不能创建枚举类型的实例也不能继承它，除了声明的枚举常量外，不能有任何实例。
public enum Apple { FUJI, PIPPIN, GRANNY_SMITH }
public enum Orange { NAVEL, TEMPLE, BLOOD }
// Enum type with data and behavior
public enum Planet {
MERCURY(3.302e+23, 2.439e6),
VENUS (4.869e+24, 6.052e6),
EARTH (5.975e+24, 6.378e6),
MARS (6.419e+23, 3.393e6),
JUPITER(1.899e+27, 7.149e7),
SATURN (5.685e+26, 6.027e7),
URANUS (8.683e+25, 2.556e7),
NEPTUNE(1.024e+26, 2.477e7);
private final double mass; // In kilograms
private final double radius; // In meters
private final double surfaceGravity; // In m / s^2
// Universal gravitational constant in m^3 / kg s^2
private static final double G = 6.67300E-11;
// Constructor
Planet(double mass, double radius) {
this.mass = mass;
this.radius = radius;
surfaceGravity = G * mass / (radius * radius);
}
public double mass() { return mass; }
public double radius() { return radius; }
public double surfaceGravity() { return surfaceGravity; }
public double surfaceWeight(double mass) {
return mass * surfaceGravity; // F = ma
}
}
public class WeightTable {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double earthWeight = Double.parseDouble(args[0]);
double mass = earthWeight / Planet.EARTH.surfaceGravity();
for (Planet p : Planet.values())
System.out.printf("Weight on %s is %f%n",
p, p.surfaceWeight(mass));
}
}
- 特定于常量（constant-specific）的方法, 广泛使用的
// Enum type with constant-specific class bodies and data
public enum Operation {
PLUS("+") {
public double apply(double x, double y) { return x + y; }
},
MINUS("-") {
public double apply(double x, double y) { return x - y; }
},
TIMES("*") {
public double apply(double x, double y) { return x * y; }
},
DIVIDE("/") {
public double apply(double x, double y) { return x / y; }
};
private final String symbol;
Operation(String symbol) { this.symbol = symbol; }
@Override public String toString() { return symbol; }
public abstract double apply(double x, double y);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
double x = Double.parseDouble(args[0]);
double y = Double.parseDouble(args[1]);
for (Operation op : Operation.values())
System.out.printf("%f %s %f = %f%n",
x, op, y, op.apply(x, y));
}
- 计算工资
// The strategy enum pattern
enum PayrollDay {
MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY,
SATURDAY(PayType.WEEKEND), SUNDAY(PayType.WEEKEND);
private final PayType payType;
PayrollDay(PayType payType) { this.payType = payType; }
PayrollDay() { this(PayType.WEEKDAY); } // Default
int pay(int minutesWorked, int payRate) {
return payType.pay(minutesWorked, payRate);
}
// The strategy enum type
private enum PayType {
WEEKDAY {
int overtimePay(int minsWorked, int payRate) {
return minsWorked <= MINS_PER_SHIFT ? 0 :
(minsWorked - MINS_PER_SHIFT) * payRate / 2;
}
},
WEEKEND {
int overtimePay(int minsWorked, int payRate) {
return minsWorked * payRate / 2;
}
};
abstract int overtimePay(int mins, int payRate);
private static final int MINS_PER_SHIFT = 8 * 60;
int pay(int minsWorked, int payRate) {
int basePay = minsWorked * payRate;
return basePay + overtimePay(minsWorked, payRate);
}
}
}
2. 使用实例属性替代序数
永远不要
从枚举的序号中得出与它相关的值; 请将其保存在实例属性中：
public enum Ensemble {
SOLO(1), DUET(2), TRIO(3), QUARTET(4), QUINTET(5),
SEXTET(6), SEPTET(7), OCTET(8), DOUBLE_QUARTET(8),
NONET(9), DECTET(10), TRIPLE_QUARTET(12);
private final int numberOfMusicians;
Ensemble(int size) { this.numberOfMusicians = size; }
public int numberOfMusicians() { return numberOfMusicians; }
}
3. 使用 EnumSet 替代位属性
// EnumSet - a modern replacement for bit fields
public class Text {
public enum Style { BOLD, ITALIC, UNDERLINE, STRIKETHROUGH }
// Any Set could be passed in, but EnumSet is clearly best
public void applyStyles(Set<Style> styles) { ... }
}
4. 使用 EnumMap 替代序数索引
class Plant {
enum LifeCycle { ANNUAL, PERENNIAL, BIENNIAL }
final String name;
final LifeCycle lifeCycle;
Plant(String name, LifeCycle lifeCycle) {
this.name = name;
this.lifeCycle = lifeCycle;
}
@Override public String toString() {
return name;
}
}
// Using an EnumMap to associate data with an enum
Map<Plant.LifeCycle, Set<Plant>> plantsByLifeCycle =
new EnumMap<>(Plant.LifeCycle.class);
for (Plant.LifeCycle lc : Plant.LifeCycle.values())
plantsByLifeCycle.put(lc, new HashSet<>());
for (Plant p : garden)
plantsByLifeCycle.get(p.lifeCycle).add(p);
System.out.println(plantsByLifeCycle);
// Using a nested EnumMap to associate data with enum pairs
public enum Phase {
SOLID, LIQUID, GAS;
public enum Transition {
MELT(SOLID, LIQUID), FREEZE(LIQUID, SOLID),
BOIL(LIQUID, GAS), CONDENSE(GAS, LIQUID),
SUBLIME(SOLID, GAS), DEPOSIT(GAS, SOLID);
private final Phase from;
private final Phase to;
Transition(Phase from, Phase to) {
this.from = from;
this.to = to;
}
// Initialize the phase transition map
private static final Map<Phase, Map<Phase, Transition>>
m = Stream.of(values()).collect(groupingBy(t -> t.from,
() -> new EnumMap<>(Phase.class),
toMap(t -> [t.to](http://t.to), t -> t,
(x, y) -> y, () -> new EnumMap<>(Phase.class))));
public static Transition from(Phase from, Phase to) {
return m.get(from).get(to);
}
}
}
5. 使用接口模拟可扩展的枚举
// Emulated extensible enum using an interface
public interface Operation {
double apply(double x, double y);
}
public enum BasicOperation implements Operation {
PLUS("+") {
public double apply(double x, double y) { return x + y; }
},
MINUS("-") {
public double apply(double x, double y) { return x - y; }
},
TIMES("*") {
public double apply(double x, double y) { return x * y; }
},
DIVIDE("/") {
public double apply(double x, double y) { return x / y; }
};
private final String symbol;
BasicOperation(String symbol) {
this.symbol = symbol;
}
@Override public String toString() {
return symbol;
}
}
// Emulated extension enum
public enum ExtendedOperation implements Operation {
EXP("^") {
public double apply(double x, double y) {
return Math.pow(x, y);
}
},
REMAINDER("%") {
public double apply(double x, double y) {
return x % y;
}
};
private final String symbol;
ExtendedOperation(String symbol) {
this.symbol = symbol;
}
@Override public String toString() {
return symbol;
}
}
6. 注解优于命名模式
// Code containing a repeated annotation
@ExceptionTest(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class)
@ExceptionTest(NullPointerException.class)
public static void doublyBad() { ... }
7. 始终使用 Override 注解
在你认为要重写父类声明的每个方法声明上使用
Override注解。 如果正在编写一个没有标记为抽象的类，并且确信它重写了其父类中的抽象方法，则无需将Override注解放在该方法上。
// Can you spot the bug?
public class Bigram {
private final char first;
private final char second;
public Bigram(char first, char second) {
this.first = first;
this.second = second;
}
//这里并不会报错，但会导致程序出错
public boolean equals(Bigram b) {
return b.first == first && b.second == second;
}
@Override public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Bigram))
return false;
Bigram b = (Bigram) o;
return b.first == first && b.second == second;
}
public int hashCode() {
return 31 * first + second;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Set<Bigram> s = new HashSet<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
for (char ch = 'a'; ch <= 'z'; ch++)
s.add(new Bigram(ch, ch));
System.out.println(s.size());
}
}
8. 使用标记接口定义类型
- 标记接口（marker interface）：没有包含方法声明的接口，而只是指明一个类实现了具有某种属性的接口。例如，Serializable接口。
- 标记接口则没有定义的类型；
- 标记接口可以更加精确的进行锁定。 如果注解类型利用@Target（ElementType.TYPE）声明，它就可以被应用到任何类或者接口，假设有一个标记只是适用于特殊的接口实现，但它却可以被应用到类，如果定义成一个标记接口，就可以用它将唯一的接口扩展成适用的接口。
public interface Set<E> extends Collection<E> {
// Query Operations
/** @param e element to be added to this set
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this set did not already contain the specified
* element
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>add</tt> operation
* is not supported by this set
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
* prevents it from being added to this set
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
* set does not permit null elements
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified element
* prevents it from being added to this set
*/
boolean add(E e);
}
public interface Collection<E> extends Iterable<E> {
/** @param e element whose presence in this collection is to be ensured
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this collection changed as a result of the
* call
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>add</tt> operation
* is not supported by this collection
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
* prevents it from being added to this collection
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
* collection does not permit null elements
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the element
* prevents it from being added to this collection
* @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
* time due to insertion restrictions
*/
boolean add(E e);
}
- 标记注解（marker annotation）：特殊类型的注解，其中不包含成员。标记注解的唯一目的就是标记声明。例如，@Override。